The next generation of wearables could be powered by an unlikely energy source: you. Two new devices that fit inside the sole of your shoe can harvest energy from your movements as you walk or run, and then use that energy to power sensors and other electronics.
These devices could one day be used to create wearables that never need to be plugged into a charger, according to the researchers in Germany who developed them.
One of the devices, the "shock harvester," generates power when the heel of your shoe hits the ground. The other device, dubbed the "swing harvester," generates power when your foot swings forward as you walk or run. The harvesters can be connected to electronics inside your shoe that track things like speed, movement and temperature.
"Both [devices] are based on the same principle — electromagnetic induction," said Klevis Ylli, a doctoral student at the Hahn-Schickard-Gesellschaft Institute of Micromachining and Information Technology in Germany, and lead author of the paper outlining the new energy harvesting devices.
Each device contains coils of wire and stacks of magnets. As the person wearing the device walks or runs, the magnets move past the coils, causing the magnetic field within the coils to change. This changing magnetic field creates a voltage, or charge, within the wire, which can then be used to power whatever electronics are embedded in the shoe, Ylli told Live Science.
The swing harvester — which is about 3 inches long, less than an inch wide and half an inch tall — was originally developed to power a pair of self-lacing shoes. The device fits into the sole at the heel of a shoe and weighs just under an ounce, which means that users hardly notice it when their legs are swinging, Ylli said. The shock harvester is slightly bigger, and weighs about a third of a pound and was developed for a different application — providing power for an indoor navigation system.
Indoor navigation systems are an alternative to satellite-enabled GPS navigation systems, which don't always work inside of buildings or in crowded urban areas. Used by firefighters and military personnel, these indoor systems often utilize sensors to collect information about a person's location and then transmit this data wirelessly to a central computer.
"For the indoor navigation system, there are sensors [accelerometers] within the shoe that determine how fast you're moving, acceleration and the angles that your foot has traveled. And from this data, the system can calculate the path that you have walked," Ylli said. A battery, also located inside the shoe, is powered by the shock harvester, and keeps these sensors running.
In recent tests, Ylli and his colleagues connected the harvesters to a temperature sensor embedded within the shoe of a study participant who was walking on a treadmill. The researchers found that the person's walking generated enough electricity to power the temperature sensor as well as a wireless transmitter inside the shoe that sent the temperature data from the sensor to a smartphone.
In the future, a similar setup could be used to transmit data from accelerometers embedded in a shoe to a smartphone or tablet, Ylli said. Such a self-charging "smart shoe" would function much like a fitness tracker, monitoring steps taken, as well as distance and speed.
"If you take a close look at the scientific environment, there are plenty of people working on these types of [harvesters] for shoes. I think there is some interest there, and people have high hopes that harvesters will get better over time and will be feasible for powering devices," Ylli said.
Going forward, Ylli said, he and his colleagues plan to optimize their harvesters to capture even more energy from the human gait. A paper outlining their research so far was published Jan.14 in the journal Smart Materials and Structures.